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[[File:BS climate.png|thumb|upright=1.75|Regions with semi-arid climates

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A semi-arid climate, semi-desert climate, or steppe climate is a sub-type. It is located on regions that receive below potential evapotranspiration, but not as low as a . There are different kinds of semi-arid climates, depending on variables such as temperature, and they give rise to different .


Defining attributes of semi-arid climates
A more precise definition is given by the Köppen climate classification, which treats climates ( BSh and BSk) as intermediates between (BW) and humid climates (A, C, D) in characteristics and agricultural potential. Semi-arid climates tend to support short, thorny or scrubby vegetation and are usually dominated by either or as they usually cannot support forests.

To determine if a location has a semi-arid climate, the precipitation threshold must first be determined. The method used to find the precipitation threshold (in millimeters):

  • multiply by 20 the average annual temperature in degrees Celsius and then
    • add 280 if at least 70% of the total precipitation falls in the summer half of the year (April–September in the northern hemisphere, October–March in the southern hemisphere)
    • add 140 if 30–70% of the total precipitation falls in the summer half of the year
    • add nothing if less than 30% of the total precipitation falls in the summer half of the year

If the area's annual precipitation in millimeters is less than the threshold but more than half or 50% the threshold, it is classified as a BS (steppe, semi-desert, or semi-arid climate).

Furthermore, to delineate hot semi-arid climates from cold semi-arid climates, a mean annual temperature of is used as an isotherm. A location with a BS-type climate is classified as hot semi-arid ( BSh) if its mean temperature is above this isotherm, and cold semi-arid ( BSk) if not.


Hot semi-arid climates
Hot semi-arid climates (type "BSh") tend to be located from the high teens to mid-30s latitudes of the and , typically in proximity to regions with a tropical savanna climate or a humid subtropical climate. These climates tend to have hot, or sometimes extremely hot, summers and warm to cool winters, with some to minimal precipitation. Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found around the fringes of subtropical deserts.

Hot semi-arid climates are most commonly found in , , and . In Australia, a large portion of the surrounding the central desert regions lies within the hot semi-arid climate region. In South Asia, both and parts of experience the seasonal effects of and feature short but well-defined , but are not sufficiently wet overall to qualify as either a tropical savanna or a humid subtropical climate.

Hot semi-arid climates can be also found in parts of , such as most of northern , the ABC Islands, the of 's mountain ranges in the Dominican Republic and , parts of the Southwestern United States including California's Central Valley, and sections of such as the sertão, the , and the poleward side of the arid deserts, where they typically feature a Mediterranean precipitation pattern, with generally rainless summers and wetter winters. They are also found in few areas of surrounding the Mediterranean Basin. In Europe, BSh climates are predominantly found in southeastern . It can also be found primarily in parts of south but also in marginal areas of and in north , most of , marginal areas of and marginal areas of in , and .


Cold semi-arid climates
Cold semi-arid climates (type "BSk") tend to be located in elevated portions of generally from the mid-30s to low 50s latitudes, typically bordering a humid continental climate or a Mediterranean climate. They are also typically found in continental interiors some distance from large bodies of water. Cold semi-arid climates usually feature warm to hot dry summers, though their summers are typically not quite as hot as those of hot semi-arid climates. Unlike hot semi-arid climates, areas with cold semi-arid climates tend to have cold and possibly freezing winters. These areas usually see some during the winter, though snowfall is much lower than at locations at similar latitudes with more humid climates.

Areas featuring cold semi-arid climates tend to have higher elevations than areas with hot semi-arid climates, and tend to feature major temperature swings between day and night, sometimes by as much as 20 °C (36 °F) or more. These large diurnal temperature variations are seldom seen in hot semi-arid climates. Cold semi-arid climates at higher latitudes tend to have dry winters and wetter summers, while cold semi-arid climates at lower latitudes tend to have precipitation patterns more akin to Mediterranean climates, with dry summers, relatively wet winters, and even wetter springs and autumns.

Cold semi-arid climates are most commonly found in central Asia and the western US, as well as the Middle East and other parts of Asia. However, they can also be found in Northern Africa, South Africa, sections of South America, sections of interior southern Australia (e.g. and ), inland and southeastern .


Charts of selected cities

Hot semi-arid

Cold semi-arid

See also
  • Continental climate
  • (an era of devastating dust storms, mostly in the 1930s, in semi-arid areas on the Great Plains of the United States and Prairies of Canada)
  • Goyder's Line (a boundary marking the limit of semi-arid climates in the Australian state of South Australia)
  • Köppen climate classification
  • Palliser's Triangle (semi-arid area of Canada)


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